Sekuyisikhathi eside silangazelela izwe elimibalabala kusukela ebuntwaneni.Ngisho namagama "anemibala" kanye "nemibala" avame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza i-fairyland.
Lolu thando lwemvelo lombala lwenza abazali abaningi babheke ukudweba njengento esemqoka yezingane zabo zokuzilibazisa.Nakuba zimbalwa izingane ezikuthanda ngempela ukudweba, zimbalwa izingane ezingamelana nokuthandeka kwebhokisi likapende ocolekile.
Okuphuzi okulamula, okusawolintshi, okubomvu okukhanyayo, okuluhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okotshani, okunsundu okuvuthiwe, i-ocher, i-cobalt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-ultramarine... le mibala emihle injengothingo oluthinta inhliziyo, oluthumba imiphefumulo yezingane ngokungazi.
Abantu abazwelayo bangase bathole ukuthi amagama ale mibala ngokuvamile angamagama achazayo, anjengotshani obuluhlaza nobomvu obuyirose.Kodwa-ke, kukhona ezinye izinto ezifana ne-"ocher" abantu abavamile abangakwazi ukuziqonda.
Uma wazi umlando wezinye izinhlobo zombala, uzothola ukuthi miningi imibala enjalo eyashabalala emfuleni omude wesikhathi.Ngemuva kombala ngamunye kunendaba enothuli.
Kwaphela isikhathi eside izimibalabala zabantu zingakwazi ukuveza ingxenye eyinkulungwane yaleli zwe elimibalabala.
Njalo lapho kuvela umbala omusha sha, umbala owubonisayo unikezwa igama elisha sha.
Ama-pigments okuqala avela kumaminerali emvelo, futhi amaningi awo avela enhlabathini ekhiqizwa ezindaweni ezikhethekile.
Impushana ye-ocher ene-iron ephezulu kade isetshenziswa njenge-pigment, futhi insundu ebomvu eboniswayo ibizwa nangokuthi umbala we-ocher.
Kusukela ngekhulu lesine BC, abaseGibhithe lasendulo babekwazi ukwenza ama-pigments.Bayakwazi ukusebenzisa amaminerali emvelo afana ne-malachite, i-turquoise ne-cinnabar, bawagaye futhi bawageze ngamanzi ukuze bathuthukise ukuhlanzeka kwe-pigment.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaseGibhithe lasendulo nabo babenobuchwepheshe obuhle kakhulu bokudaya izitshalo.Lokhu kwenza iGibhithe lasendulo likwazi ukudweba imidwebo eminingi enemibala egqamile.
Izinkulungwane zeminyaka, ukuthuthukiswa kwezingulube zomuntu kuye kwaqhutshwa ukutholwa kwenhlanhla.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amathuba alolu hlobo lwenhlanhla, abantu baye benza imizamo eminingi engavamile futhi benza iqoqo lezingulube ezimangalisayo namadayi.
Cishe ngonyaka wama-48 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, uKhesari omkhulu wabona uhlobo olunsomi lwesipoki eGibhithe, futhi wathatheka cishe ngaso leso sikhathi.Waletha lo mbala, obizwa ngokuthi i-bone snail purple, wabuyela eRoma futhi wawenza umbala okhethekile womndeni wasebukhosini baseRoma.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, okunsomi sekuwuphawu lwezicukuthwane.Ngakho-ke, izizukulwane zakamuva zisebenzisa inkulumo ethi “ozalwe ngokunsomi” ukuchaza isizinda somndeni wazo.Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza yalolu hlobo lwedayi ensomi yethambo lomnenke ingabizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi omangalisayo.
Cwilisa umnenke obolile obolile nomlotha wezinkuni ebhakedeni eligcwele umchamo obolile.Ngemva kokuma isikhathi eside, ukukhishwa kwe-viscous kwe-gill gland yethambo lomnenke kuzoshintsha futhi kukhiqize into ebizwa ngokuthi i-ammonium purpurite namuhla, ebonisa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ifomula yesakhiwo ye-ammonium purpurite
Umphumela wale ndlela mncane kakhulu.Ingakhiqiza ngaphansi kuka-15 ml kadayi ngeminenke yamathambo engu-250000, okwanele ukudaya ingubo yamaRoma.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza iyanuka, lo dayi ungakhiqizwa ngaphandle kwedolobha kuphela.Ngisho nezingubo zokugcina ezenziwe ngomumo zinikeza ukunambitheka okuyingqayizivele okungachazeki unyaka wonke, mhlawumbe "i-Royal flavour".
Ayikho imibala eminingi efana nethambo lomnenke onsomi.Enkathini lapho impushana ewumummy iqala ukuduma njengomuthi futhi yabe isiduma njengesilonda sombala, kwasungulwa esinye isithako sombala esasihlobene nomchamo.
Kuwuhlobo oluphuzi oluhle futhi olusobala, oluye lwachayeka emoyeni naselanga isikhathi eside.Ibizwa ngokuthi i-Indian yellow.
Umnenke wethambo wokukhiqiza ukudaya okukhethekile kwasebukhosini okunsomi
Impahla eluhlaza yokuphuzi kwamaNdiya
Njengoba igama layo lisho, i-pigment engaqondakali evela eNdiya, okuthiwa ikhishwa emchameni wenkomo.
Lezi zinkomo zaziphakelwa kuphela amaqabunga omango kanye namanzi, okwabangela ukungondleki okukhulu, futhi umchamo wawuqukethe izinto eziphuzi ezikhethekile.
UTurner wagconwa ngokugqugquzelwa yi-jaundice ngoba wayethanda kakhulu ukusebenzisa ophuzi baseNdiya
Lezi mibala ezimibalabala nodayi zabusa umhlaba wobuciko isikhathi eside.Abagcini nje ngokulimaza abantu nezilwane, kodwa futhi banokukhiqiza okuphansi kanye namanani aphezulu.Ngokwesibonelo, ngeNkathi Yokuzalwa kabusha, i-cyan yeqembu yayenziwe ngempushana ye-lapis lazuli, futhi intengo yayo yayiphakeme ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunegolide lekhwalithi efanayo.
Ngokuthuthuka kokuqhuma kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe bomuntu, i-pigments nayo idinga uguquko olukhulu.Nokho, lokhu kuvukela umbuso kwashiya isilonda esibulalayo.
Okumhlophe okuholayo kuwumbala oyivelakancane emhlabeni ongashiya uphawu ezimpucukweni nasezifundeni ezahlukene.Ngekhulu lesine BC, amaGreki asendulo ayekwazi kahle indlela yokucubungula okumhlophe komthofu.
I-Lead White
Ngokuvamile, izigxobo zomthofu eziningana zipakishwa kuviniga noma indle yezilwane futhi zibekwe endaweni evaliwe izinyanga ezimbalwa.I-lead carbonate yokugcina iwumthofu omhlophe.
Umhlophe oholayo olungisiwe uveza umbala opaque ngokuphelele futhi owugqinsi, obhekwa njengenye yemibala emihle kakhulu.
Nokho, umhlophe womthofu awugcini nje ngokugqama emidwebeni.Izintokazi zaseRoma, i-geisha yaseJapane kanye nezintokazi zaseShayina zonke zisebenzisa umbala omhlophe womthofu ukuze zigcobe ubuso bazo.Ngenkathi bevala ukukhubazeka kobuso, baphinde bathole isikhumba esimnyama, amazinyo abolile kanye nentuthu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzodala i-vasospasm, ukulimala kwezinso, ikhanda, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, i-coma nezinye izimpawu.
Ekuqaleni, iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth enesikhumba esimnyama yahlushwa ubuthi bomthofu
Izimpawu ezifanayo nazo zivela kubadwebi.Abantu bavame ukubhekisela ebuhlungu obungachazeki kubadwebi ngokuthi "colic yomdwebi".Kodwa sekudlule amakhulu eminyaka, futhi abantu abaqaphelanga ukuthi lezi zenzakalo eziyinqaba empeleni zivela emibaleni abayithandayo.
Umthofu omhlophe ebusweni bowesifazane awukwazi ukufaneleka kangcono
Umhlophe womthofu uphinde wathola imibala eyengeziwe kulokhu kuguquguquka kombala.
I-chrome yellow ayintandokazi kaVan Gogh ingenye inhlanganisela yomthofu, i-lead chromate.Lesi sakhi sombala esiphuzi sigqame kunophuzi wayo onyanyekayo waseNdiya, kodwa ishibhile.
Isithombe sikaVan Gogh
Njengomthofu omhlophe, umthofu oqukethwe kuwo ungena kalula emzimbeni womuntu uzifihle njenge-calcium, okuholela ochungechungeni lwezifo ezinjengokuphazamiseka kwesimiso sezinzwa.
Isizathu sokuthi kungani uVan Gogh, othanda i-chrome ephuzi futhi eqinile, ehlushwa ukugula kwengqondo isikhathi eside mhlawumbe kungenxa "yomnikelo" we-chrome yellow.
Omunye umkhiqizo wenguquko ye-pigment "awaziwa" njengokuhola okuphuzi kwe-chrome okuholayo.Kungase kuqale ngoNapoleon.Ngemva kwempi yaseWaterloo, uNapoleon wamemezela ukwesula kwakhe, futhi abaseBrithani bamdingisela eSt. Helena.Ngemva kokuhlala iminyaka engaphansi kweyisithupha esiqhingini, uNapoleon washona ngendlela exakile, futhi izizathu zokufa kwakhe zihlukahlukene.
Ngokombiko wokuhlolwa kwesidumbu samaNgisi, uNapoleon wabulawa isilonda esibi esiswini, kodwa olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi izinwele zikaNapoleon zazinenqwaba ye-arsenic.
Okuqukethwe kwe-arsenic okutholwe kumasampula ezinwele eziningana zeminyaka ehlukene bekuyizikhathi eziyi-10 kuye kweziyi-100 kunenani elijwayelekile.Ngakho-ke, abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi uNapoleon wadliswa ushevu futhi wafa.
Kodwa iqiniso lendaba liyamangaza.I-arsenic eyeqile emzimbeni kaNapoleon empeleni ivela kupende oluhlaza osesithombeni sangemuva.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-200 edlule, usosayensi odumile waseSweden uScheler wasungula umbala oluhlaza ogqamile.Lolo hlobo lohlaza alusoze lwalibaleka lapho uthi nhlá.Ikude kakhulu nokumataniswa yilezo pigments eziluhlaza ezenziwe ngezinto zemvelo.Le "Scheler green" idale ukuzwela uma isifakwe emakethe ngenxa yezindleko zayo eziphansi.Ayigcinanga ngokunqoba ezinye izingulube eziningi eziluhlaza, kodwa futhi yanqoba imakethe yokudla ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kuthiwa abanye abantu basebenzise iScheler eluhlaza ukudaya ukudla edilini, okuholele ekufeni kwezihambeli ezintathu.I-Shiller eluhlaza isetshenziswa kakhulu abathengisi ngensipho, umhlobiso wekhekhe, amathoyizi, amaswidi nezingubo, futhi-ke, umhlobiso wamaphephadonga.Isikhathi esithile, yonke into kusukela kwezobuciko kuya ezidingweni zansuku zonke yayizungezwe uhlaza oluluhlaza, kuhlanganise negumbi lokulala likaNapoleon nendawo yokugezela.
Lesi siqeshana sephepha lodonga kuthiwa sithathwe ekamelweni likaNapoleon
Ingxenye ye-Scheler eluhlaza i-copper arsenite, lapho i-arsenic e-trivalent inobuthi obukhulu.Ukudingiswa kukaNapoleon kwakunesimo sezulu esinomswakama futhi kwasebenzisa iphepha lodonga eliluhlaza i-Scheler, elakhipha inani elikhulu le-arsenic.Kuthiwa ngeke kube nezimbungulu ekamelweni eliluhlaza, mhlawumbe ngenxa yalesi sizathu.Kwaziqondanela nje ukuthi, iScheler eluhlaza futhi kamuva neParis eluhlaza, nayo eyayiqukethe i-arsenic, yagcina isiyisibulala-zinambuzane.Ngaphezu kwalokho, le-arsenic equkethe odayi bamakhemikhali kamuva yasetshenziswa ekwelapheni ugcunsula, ngokwezinga elithile okwakhuthaza ukwelapha ngamakhemikhali.
UPaul Ellis, ubaba we-chemotherapy
I-Cupreouranite
Ngemuva kokuvinjelwa kwe-Scheler eluhlaza, kwaba nokunye okuluhlaza okwesabisa kakhulu okusemfashinini.Uma kuziwa ekukhiqizweni kwale nto eluhlaza, abantu banamuhla bangase bayihlanganise ngokushesha namabhomu enuzi nemisebe, ngoba i-uranium.Abantu abaningi abacabangi ukuthi uhlobo lwemvelo lwe-uranium ore kungathiwa luhle, olwaziwa ngokuthi i-rose of the ore world.
Imayini ye-uranium yokuqala futhi kwakuwukuyengeza engilazini njenge-toner.Ingilazi eyenziwe ngale ndlela inokukhanya okuluhlaza okufiphele futhi yinhle ngempela.
Ingilazi ye-uranium ekhanyayo eluhlaza ngaphansi kwesibani se-ultraviolet
I-uranium oxide powder ephuzi ewolintshi
I-oxide ye-uranium inombala osawolintshi okhanyayo, obuye wengezwe emikhiqizweni ye-ceramic njenge-toner.Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, le mikhiqizo ye-uranium "egcwele amandla" yayisekhona yonke indawo.Kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhuphuka imboni yenuzi lapho i-United States yaqala ukubekela imingcele ukusetshenziswa kwe-uranium kwabantu.Kodwa-ke, ngo-1958, iKhomishana Yamandla E-Atomic Yase-United States yaxegisa imingcele, futhi i-uranium eyayiphelile yaphinde yavela ezimbonini zobumba nezimboni zezingilazi.
Kusukela emvelweni kuya ekukhishweni, kusukela ekukhiqizeni kuya ekuhlanganiseni, umlando wokuthuthukiswa kwezibalabala nawo ungumlando wokuthuthuka wemboni yamakhemikhali yabantu.Zonke izinto ezimangalisayo kulo mlando zibhalwe emagameni aleyo mibala.
Umnenke onsomi, ophuzi wamaNdiya, omhlophe oholayo, ophuzi we-Chrome, oluhlaza okotshani we-Scheler, oluhlaza okotshani we-Uranium, owolintshi we-Uranium.
Ngayinye yizinyathelo ezishiywe endleleni yempucuko yabantu.Ezinye ziqinile futhi azishintshi, kodwa ezinye azijulile.Ngokukhumbula lezi zindlela kuphela singathola umgwaqo oqondile oyisicaba.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-31-2021